⑴ 求2012年至今的有關上市公司股權激勵外文文獻！！！！
我處禁止上傳文件，相關PDF外文文獻有，沒那麼多，不知是否滿足近幾年的要求，翻譯沒有，翻譯得靠你自己，希望能滿足你的需要，能幫到你，多多給點懸賞分吧，急用的話請多選賞點分吧，這樣更多的知友才會及時幫到你，我找到也是很花時間的，如果需要請直接網路 私信 或者 Hi 中留言貼出你在 網路知道的問題鏈接地址 及 郵箱地址
⑵ 跪求關於上市公司股權激勵的外文文獻
兩篇直接下載，自己選擇吧。
Managerial ownership, incentive contracting, and the use of zero-cost collars and equity swaps by corporate insiders
]JC Bettis, JM Bizjak - Journal of Financial and , 2001
http://www.buec.udel.e/coughenj/Der_BizjakLemmon.pdf
Why do public firms go private in the UK? The impact of private equity investors, incentive realignment and undervaluation
L Renneboog, T Simons - Journal of Corporate Finance, 2007
http://www.ti（刪除）lburgunive（此處）rsity.e/resear（中文）ch/institutes-and-research-groups/tilec/ev（下載）ents/seminars/renneboog.pdf
⑶ 關於<證券市場發展>的外文文獻及中文翻譯
正確認識經濟發展與證券市場的辯證關系證券市場是社會生產力發展到一定歷史階段的產物，經濟運行態勢決定證券市場走向，證券市場作為國民經濟的晴雨表適應並反映經濟發展狀況，同時通過其自身的能動性促進或者阻礙經濟發展。證券市場是手段，經濟發展是目的。
長期以來，理論界從不同角度就證券市場對經濟發展的重要作用進行了積極的理論探討與論證。我國證券市場十餘年發展的歷史實踐更為我們提供了令人信服和難以辯駁的事實。截止目前，國內上市公司達1200餘家，國內股市累計籌資總額超過8500億元，這些資金通過廣泛的渠道投向經濟生活的各個領域；證券市場中並購重組等資本運作風起雲涌、方興未艾，對十年來國民經濟的持續快速增長作出了巨大貢獻，功不可沒。更為重要的是，證券市場在轉變思想觀念、優化資源配製、轉換經營機制、改善企業治理、改革國有企業、提高經濟效率等方面的巨大推動作用，極大地解放和發展了我國的社會生產力，影響深遠，無以替代。當然，由於受自身發展規律及其他因素的影響與制約，證券市場與經濟發展並非完全同步的，在時間上可能提前或者滯後，有時候甚至出現背離（這種背離可能是新興的、不成熟的市場所普遍面臨的問題），也不否認證券市場可能存在的消極性與負面性及其所蘊藏的風險，但長期來看，證券市場與經濟發展總體上是保持一致的，我們發展證券市場的主要目的就是充分利用其能動性與積極作用為經濟建設服務。十六大報告提出全面建設小康社會的宏偉目標客觀上要求國民經濟保持持續、快速、健康的發展，這為證券市場長期向好，實現穩定與繁榮提供了前所未有的機遇和堅實的基礎，同時也對證券市場促進經濟發展提出了更高的要求。
正確認識實體經濟與虛擬經濟的關系實體經濟是人類的生產、服務、流通和消費活動；虛擬經濟是信用制度與貨幣資本化形成的金融經濟中與實體經濟沒有直接聯系的金融交易活動；而所謂的泡沫經濟則是指一種或一系列資產的價格經過連續的上漲後遠高於其實際價值的經濟現象嚴重膨脹、惡化泛濫導致社會資產的賬面價值不正常地偏離真實價值的社會現象。長期以來，總有人將證券市場等同於虛擬經濟，將虛擬經濟等同於泡沫經濟，以偏概全、捨本逐末，混淆和曲解實體經濟、虛擬經濟、泡沫經濟的概念及相互關系。這是一個理論誤區，如不及時糾正將會造成人們認識上的混亂。十六大報告中提出要「正確處理虛擬經濟與實體經濟的關系」，是對辯證唯物主義「兩點論」與「重點論」的繼承和發展，言簡意賅，恰逢其時，為我們正確理解二者之間的關系提供了新的理論依據，對我們消除疑慮和偏見，大力發展證券市場具有重要的指導意義。
首先，就實體經濟與虛擬經濟的關系而言，實體經濟是基礎，是本，虛擬經濟是適應實體經濟的需要產生和發展的，是流，沒有實體經濟的支撐，虛擬經濟只能是無源之水，無本之木；既要發展實體經濟，也要發展虛擬經濟，但重點或者說落腳點是發展實體經濟，虛擬經濟必須服從和服務於實體經濟的發展。
其次，要一分為二的看待證券市場的歸屬問題。一方面，一級市場是直接配置資源的場所，為各種生產和服務企業提供融資服務，屬於實體經濟的范疇；另一方面，二級市場上的證券交易，特別是某些用於價格發現和風險控制類的金融衍生產品，可能會歸屬於虛擬經濟的范疇。也就是說，證券市場是實體經濟與虛擬經濟的有機結合體，不能將其簡單地歸類甚至等同於虛擬經濟。
最後，僅從定義就顯然可知，虛擬經濟不等於泡沫經濟，只有當虛擬經濟嚴重偏離實體經濟的價值時才可能導致泡沫經濟，證券市場亦如是。股市泡沫的存在是很正常的，適度的泡沫有利於市場的健康發展，但我們也要清醒認識到股市泡沫所蘊藏的風險，盡量將泡沫控制在合理適度的范圍之內，避免其過度積累破壞金融和經濟的正常運行。
正確認識我國證券市場的特殊性與發展階段我國證券市場的發展除具有證券市場的一般特徵與規律外，更具有鮮明的獨特性及相應的特殊功能，主要體現在兩個方面。其一，它是第一個建立和發展於社會主義國家的證券市場，是一項前所未有的偉業，理所當然地承載著與社會主義政治、經濟、社會制度相適應的歷史使命，為社會主義服務。我國證券市場十多年來的最大貢獻就在於推動了生產力的極大解放和發展，這與社會主義的根本任務——解放生產力、發展生產力——是完全吻合的。其二，它是在建立社會主義市場經濟這一史無前例的偉大創舉中，在中國由傳統計劃經濟向現代市場經濟、由落後生產力向日益發達的生產力轉軌的過程中產生和發展起來的，必須為經濟轉軌、為國有企業改革和國有經濟的戰略性調整服務。因此，在尊重證券市場發展普遍規律的基礎上，我國證券市場的發展更要符合國情，符合改革開放和現代化建設的需要。
至於發展階段則應該放到國家經濟發展的大背景下來考察。經濟發展狀況決定證券市場走向，任何國家證券市場的發展階段都主要取決於本國經濟的發達程度與綜合實力，比如美國和日本，二戰後相繼成為世界頭兩號經濟強國，相應造就了兩大發達成熟的證券市場。我國目前正處在社會主義初級階段，正在從不發達經濟向日益發達的經濟、由發展中國家向中等發達國家邁進。與此相適應，我國證券市場也應該處於其發展的初級階段，從不發達市場向中等發達市場轉軌的階段。
正確認識和處理證券市場發展中出現的問題要正確認識和處理證券市場發展中出現的問題，必須堅持辯證唯物主義的聯系觀、發展觀和全面觀，反對形而上學的孤立觀、靜止觀和片面觀。
首先，證券市場發展中存在問題是必然的。市場發展是一個從低級到高級、從簡單到復雜、從不成熟到成熟的前進性變化過程，其本質是前進性與曲折性的統一。也就是說，總的趨勢是前進的、上升的，但會有曲折和反復，會碰到這樣那樣的問題和障礙。尤其是我國社會主義制度下的證券市場沒有現成的理論和前人的經驗可以借鑒，又是成立和發展於經濟改革關鍵的轉軌時期，新舊觀念的沖突、新舊體制的磨擦必然會反映其中，其艱巨性與復雜性可想而知，出現問題在所難免。
其次，正確認識問題是解決問題的基礎和前提。證券市場發展中出現的問題不是孤立靜止的，而是處在不斷的發展變化之中，不同的階段表現出不同的特點，問題之間可能會相互交叉互有聯系，與市場的其他方面也有著普遍而廣泛的聯系，同市場發展息息相關，處理好了利於市場發展，反之則會阻礙市場發展。因此，認識問題既要客觀全面，把握和研究它的一切方面，一切聯系，又要具體問題具體分析，找出主要問題和問題的主要方面，弄清問題的性質和來龍去脈，找准症結對症下葯。
其三，解決問題要有新思路、新辦法。既不能諱疾忌醫，任其發展，也不可能停下來先解決問題再謀求發展，更不能病急亂投醫。我國證券市場已經從一個摸索試驗性的市場發展成為社會主義市場經濟的重要組成部分，與經濟發展休戚相關，與國家利益、投資者利益唇齒相依，成績是主要的、有目共睹的。有問題就否定一切不是解決問題的正確態度和方式。最好的辦法只能是發展，用發展的辦法解決前進中的問題，在發展中有計劃、有步驟地解決問題，因為發展本身就是一個在對立統一中不斷克服困難，消除障礙，解決問題，自我揚棄與更新的過程，沒有發展何論解決問題，這是我們解決問題的總體思路和原則。而具體到每個問題則應具體情況具體分析，不同的問題有不同的本質特徵，同樣的問題在不同的階段也有不同的表現，不存在一個適用於所有問題的具體解決辦法。
沉舟側畔千帆過，病樹前頭萬木春，發展是硬道理，發展是永恆的主題。只要堅持以「三個代表」重要思想為指導，以「推動資本市場的改革開放和穩定發展」的重要論斷為目標，堅定信心，與時俱進，我們有充分的理由相信，我國證券市場的明天必定更加繁榮發達。
⑷ 急求！一篇關於股票價值投資或投資風險方面的外文文獻翻譯！要中英文對照的，中文3000字以上外文10000字元
追加多少？
⑸ 求有關上市公司融資偏好分析的參考文獻，中文15篇外文5篇，請表明作者，書名（論文名），版本（刊物名
網路學術可以找到參考文獻,輸入關鍵詞，在輸入年份，就能找到相對應的參考文獻。如果不知道參考文獻格式要求，可以網路搜，參考文獻自動生成器。直接按著填就出來了。
網路搜索參考文獻自動生成器，按著裡面填，點生成參考文獻就出來了。
數據資料可以在網路文庫、中國統計年鑒中找到。
參考文獻標准格式
參考文獻類型：專著［M］，論文集［C］，報紙文章［N］，期刊文章［J］，學位論文［D］，報告［R］，標准［S］，專利［P］，論文集中的析出文獻［A］
電子文獻類型：資料庫［DB］，計算機［CP］，電子公告［EB］
電子文獻的載體類型：互聯網［OL］，光碟［CD］，磁帶［MT］，磁碟［DK］
A：專著、論文集、學位論文、報告
［序號］主要責任者.文獻題名［文獻類型標識］.出版地：出版者，出版年.起止頁碼（可選）
［1］劉國鈞，陳紹業.圖書館目錄［M］.北京：高等教育出版社，1957.15-18.
B:期刊文章
［序號］主要責任者.文獻題名［J］.刊名，年，卷（期）：起止頁碼
［1］何齡修.讀南明史［J］.中國史研究，1998,(3):167-173.
［2］OU J P，SOONG T T，et al.Recent advance in research on applications of passive energy dissipation systems［J］.Earthquack Eng,1997,38(3):358-361.
C:論文集中的析出文獻
［序號］析出文獻主要責任者.析出文獻題名［A］.原文獻主要責任者（可選）.原文獻題名［C］.出版地：出版者，出版年.起止頁碼
［7］鍾文發.非線性規劃在可燃毒物配置中的應用［A］.趙煒.運籌學的理論與應用——中國運籌學會第五屆大會論文集［C］.西安：西安電子科技大學出版社，1996.468.
D：報紙文章
［序號］主要責任者.文獻題名［N］.報紙名，出版日期（版次）
［8］謝希德.創造學習的新思路［N］.人民日報，1998-12-25（10）.
E：電子文獻
[文獻類型/載體類型標識]：[J/OL]網上期刊、[EB/OL]網上電子公告、
[M/CD]光碟圖書、[DB/OL]網上資料庫、[DB/MT]磁帶資料庫
［序號］主要責任者.電子文獻題名［電子文獻及載體類型標識］.電子文獻的出版或獲得地址，發表更新日期/引用日期
［12］王明亮.關於中國學術期刊標准化資料庫系統工程的進展
［8］萬錦.中國大學學報文摘（1983-1993）.英文版［DB/CD］.北京：中國大網路全書出版社，1996.
作者.題名[D].所在城市:保存單位,發布年份.
李琳.住院燒傷患者綜合健康狀況及其影響因素研究[D].福州:福建醫科大學,2009.
其他的：
作者.題名[J].刊名,年,卷(期):起止頁碼.
沈平,彭湘粵,黎曉靜,等.臨床路徑應用於嬰幼兒呼吸道異物手術後的效果[J].中華護理雜志,2012,47(10):930-932.
作者.書名[M]. 版次.出版地: 出版者,出版年:起止頁碼.
胡雁.護理研究[M].第4版.北京:人民衛生出版社,2012:38.
作者.題名[N].報紙名,出版日期(版次).
丁文祥.數字革命與國際競爭[N].中國青年報,2000-11-20(15).
作者.題名[EB/OL].網址,發表日期/引用日期(任選).
世界衛生組織.關於患者安全的10個事實 [EB/OL].
其他： [R]、[P]、[A]、[C]、[Z]等。
⑹ 關於中小企業融資的外文文獻近五年的 急急急，求大神幫忙 帶中文翻譯 跪求大神
外文文獻有，但翻譯沒有，翻譯得靠你自己了，如果需要可以回復即可，希望能滿足你的需要，能幫到你，多多給點懸賞分吧，急用的話請多選賞點分吧，這樣更多的知友才會及時幫到你，我找到也是很花時間的
⑺ 急求有關《家族企業股權結構及績效分析》的外文文獻，翻譯過來2000字以上，翻譯我可以自己來
我復制的 這個行么？
中國家族企業股權結構分析
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提要 改革開放以來，中國的民營經濟如雨後春筍般迅速發展，如今民營經濟幾乎涉及到所有的行業，而在中國的民營企業中有90％是家族企業，股權結構是否合理是制約和推動企業發展的關鍵所在。本文對家族企業主要的股權結構類型加以分析和闡述，並提出了有關的合理建議。
何為家族企業，美國著名企業史學家錢德勒的家族定義是「企業創始人及其最親密的合夥人一直掌有大部分股權。他們與經理人員維持緊密的私人關系，且保留高階層管理的主要決策權，特別是在有關財務政策、資源分配和高層人員的選拔方面」。實際上，簡而言之，家族企業包括兩部分，一是家族擁有的企業，二是家族控制的企業。家族企業是一種遍布世界各地的企業組織形式，世界范圍80％以上的企業歸屬與家族企業，其中不乏著名的大公司如沃爾瑪、福特、三星、LG公司等。中國在改革開放之後，一大批家族企業如雨後春筍般迅速成長起來，1992年，鄧小平南方講話發表，家族企業進入了高速發展時期，家族力量得以空前膨脹，家族企業開始追求規模效應和行業的領導權，做大做強。然而，隨著資產的急劇膨脹，企業中的利益分割矛盾也越來越大，產權問題開始浮出水面，同時產權重組、企業改制之風盛行。股權已成為家族企業的命脈所系，要認識家族企業必須認識家族企業的股權結構。
一、家族企業的股權結構類型和實例
1、家族成員共同投資興辦事業，在興辦之初或過程中明晰股權。劉氏四兄弟的希望集團就是這種類型。1982年劉氏四兄弟從飼料行業起步，逐步涉足食品、電子、金融、房地產、商貿等多個領域，目前已經成為中國最大的家族企業。1983年7月劉氏兄弟決定以投入情況來決定將來的分配，老三投入最多而占最多股份，老二其次，老大和老四並列第三，1992年以後希望進行了兩次調整，由單一企業分為四個企業集團為主的企業群，老大投資創立大陸希望；老二以東北片區為基礎成立東方希望；老三建立華西希望；老四以南方片區為基礎建立南方希望。他們還共同擁有「兩廠一所」，既新津飼料廠、希望食品有限公司和希望科學技術研究所，大家各佔1/4的股份。至此，希望集團基本上完成了明晰產權的過程。這一舉措解決了兄弟之間的在經營理念、投資方向等方面的分歧和差異，同時也消除了雙重決策、交叉運作造成的困惑，促進了企業的進步與發展。
2、家族企業中某一人先獨創企業，逐漸吸納家族成員加入。如南存輝的正泰集團。在正泰的發展道路上，家族控制權和股權一直是南存輝關注的問題，1991年南存輝從妻兄黃素益手中融資15萬美元，成立了中美合資溫州正泰電器有限公司，在南氏家族中，有不少人在從事低壓電器業，他們有一定的生產、管理能力與資本，但更重要的是，南存輝看中了家族在溝通、信用上的「人和」優勢。南存輝從中招進9個家族成員入股，形成以家族成員為核心的企業管理層。這9人中有其弟南存飛、外甥朱信敏、妹夫吳炳池等。家族成員入股使企業資本擴大，也解決了資金人才匱乏的問題。
3、由於公司所在地政府的政策變化而導致股權結構的變化。如萬向集團因改制而獲得的股權。1969年魯冠球接手了鄉鎮企業「寧圍公社農機修配廠」，也就是萬向集團的雛形，到了1988年，萬向集團經過十幾年的發展，資產規模已經達到了5億多元，魯冠球以1500萬元向寧圍鎮政府買斷了萬向節廠股權，使鎮政府淡出主管角色，按當時的文件精神，鄉鎮企業50％的產權歸給鄉鎮政府集體所有，50％歸企業職工集體。在此次股權改革之後萬向集團有了更大的自主經營權，可以更加靈活地制定發展目標，從而獲得了更多的活力，為此後飛速發展奠定了堅實的基礎，現在萬向集團已經成了綜合性的多元化投資集團，2002年萬向集團營業收入達118億元。
4、家族企業為充分利用各種關系，主動納入政府及其他勢力的股份。如天通，浙江天通在1991年為了加快企業發展，主動讓政府參股，同年8月，海寧市郭店鎮政府成為天通的第一大股東，持有36.29％的股份，這種「紅色身份」很快使企業順利獲得了「國家重點扶持高科技企業」的稱號，企業所得稅由33％改為15％，並且國產設備經批准可抵扣所得稅。天通的潘氏父子雖然出讓了一定的股權，但是卻獲得了更加寶貴的企業發展機會，2001年，浙江天通股份成功在上交所上市發行A股，成為國家第一家自然人控股的A股上市公司。與此類似的還有格蘭仕、美的集團等，他們都曾經主動納入當地政府的股份，以求更大的發展。
5、家族公司轉變為上市公司。2001年6月8日，太太葯業在上海證券交易所上市，此次太太葯業共發行7000萬股A股，太太葯業總股本27108萬股，5家發起人股東合計佔74.18％的股權。而這5家發起人上市前本屬同一個家族企業，第一大股東、持股48.96％的深圳百業源的終極股東就是太太葯業的董事長朱保國，佔90％的股份，其妻、副董事長劉廣霞佔10％；第二大股東、持股18.54％的香港鴻信的終極股東為朱保國之母劉苗，佔99.9％；另外3家各佔2.25％的並列大股東，或是朱保國、劉廣霞開的「夫妻店」，或是朱保國之弟朱保安和劉廣霞的叔嫂合資公司。股市令太太葯業登上了一個前所未有的財富高峰，太太葯業一次性籌措到17億元人民幣，而董事長朱保國的個人身價約53億元，加上家族成員控制的財產市值上市當日共計達84億元人民幣。除了在A股市場上市的太太葯業，同樣是行業領跑者的家族企業帝賢集團也將目光聚焦在了股票上市上，所不同的是其目標是B股市場，2000年8月，經國家證監會發行審核委員會正式批准，帝賢上市發行1.5億股B股股票，9月，帝賢B在深圳證券交易所掛牌交易。家族公司走上市道路，一方面拓寬了籌資渠道，使公司在短期募集到大量用於發展的資金，另一方面也使股權的轉讓更加方便靈活，這應該是未來家族企業發展的方向。
二、中國家族企業的發展趨勢
目前中國家族企業的股權在家族成員內部的分配，是由主要創業者持有最大股份，並擔任董事長，其他家族成員、一般是直系親屬持有其餘股份。比如浙江廣通、格蘭仕、美的、帝賢、方太都是父子持有大股份。但是隨著家族企業的發展，家族成員的股權將趨向分散化和外部化，這實際上是由客觀要求所主宰的。比如將股權轉移給經營者、員工將有助於改善家族企業的治理結構，提高雇員的工作積極性和對企業的忠誠度，另一方面當公司上市或再次發行股票集資時，家族成員擁有的股份也會被稀釋。
中國的家族企業還處在快速成長的階段，如何形成合理的股權結構，是每一個企業都應當考慮的關鍵大事，只有明晰了產權關系，構建起有效的治理結構，企業才能輕裝上陣，更快發展，所以有必要借鑒成功企業的有關股權結構構造方面的成功經驗並在實踐中不斷摸索總結。(□文/李新罡)
⑻ 急求一篇關於中小企業融資的英文文獻，要有中文翻譯
Automatically translated text:
The definition of lease financing
Finance leases (Financial Leasing) also known as the Equipment Leasing (Equipment Leasing), or modern leasing (Modern Leasing), and is essentially transfer ownership of the assets of all or most of the risks and rewards of the lease. The ultimate ownership of assets to be transferred, or may not transfer.
It refers to the specific content of the lessee to the lessor under the lease object and the specific requirements of the supplier selection, vendor financing to purchase rental property, and the use of leased to a lessee, the lessee to the lessor to pay instalments rent, the lease term lease ownership of objects belonging to the lessor of all, the tenant has the right to use the leased items. Term expired, and finished the lessee to pay rent under the lease contract financing to fulfil obligations in full, leasing objects that vesting ownership of all the lessee. Despite the finance lease transactions, the lessors have the identity of the purchase of equipment, but the substantive content of the purchase of equipment suppliers such as the choice of the specific requirements of the equipment, the conditions of the purchase contract negotiations by the lessee enjoy and exercise, lessee leasing object is essentially the purchaser. , Is a finance lease extension of loans and trade and technology updates in the new integrated financial instry. Because of its extension of loans and combination of features, there is a problem in leasing companies can recycling, treatment of leasing, and so the financing for the enterprise credit and secured the main requirement, it is very suitable for SME financing. In addition, the leasing of sheet financing, not reflected in the financial statements of the enterprise liability, does not affect the credit status of enterprises. This multi-channel financing needs of SMEs in terms of it is very beneficial.
Leasing and financing lease of a traditional nature of the difference is: traditional lease to the tenant leasing the use of objects of the time rent, and finance lease financing costs to the tenant occupying the time of rental. The market economy develops to a certain stage and the adaptation of a strong financing, in the 1950s in the United States have a new type of trading, as it adapted to the requirements of modern economic development, in the 60 to 70 the rapid development in the world, and today has become a business update equipment one of the main means of financing, known as the "sunrise instry." China in the early 1980s after the introction of this operational modalities for over 10 years has been the rapid development, compared with developed countries, the advantages of leasing is far from being played out, the market potential is huge.
[Edit] the main characteristics of the leasing
The main characteristics of the leasing is: the ownership of objects as leasing is the lessor in order to control the risk of the tenant rent reimbursement taken a form of ownership, at the end of the contract could eventually be transferred to the lessee, the lease purchase items from lease people choose, maintenance from the tenant responsible for the lessor to provide financial services only. Rent calculation principles are: to lease the lessor objects based on the purchase price, occupied by the lessee to the lessor of funds based on time, according to a mutually agreed rental rates. It is essentially dependent on the traditional leasing financial transactions, is a special kind of financial instruments.
[Edit] the type of lease financing
1. Simple financing lease
Financing lease is a simple, by the lessee choose to purchase the rental property, the lessor on the lease project through risk assessment after the rental lease to the lessee the use of objects. Throughout the lease period the lessee does not enjoy the right to use the title, and is responsible for repair and maintenance of leasing objects. The lessor's lease is good or bad thing without any liability, equipment depreciation in the tenant side.
2. Leveraged lease financing
Leveraged leasing practices similar to syndicated loans, is a specialized leasing to large-scale projects with the tax benefits of lease financing, mainly led by a leasing company as a trunk, and for the lease of a very large project financing. First set up a leasing company from the operation of the main institutions - a project-based fund management company set up projects to provide more than 20% of the total amount of funds, and the remaining part was the main source of funds banks and social absorb idle idle funds, the use of 100 percent enjoy low tax benefits "in the eight Bo" leverage for the leasing project large amount of funds. The remaining financing and leasing practices are basically the same, but because of the complexity of the contract covers a wide range and even greater. As can enjoy tax benefits, operating norms, comprehensive benefits, and recovery of rent safe, low-cost, and are generally used for aircraft, ships, communications equipment and large complete sets of equipment lease financing.
3. Commissioned by the Financial Leasing
Is a way to have the funds or equipment entrusted to non-bank financial institutions in the financing lease, the lessor is also the first client, the second is the trustee of the lessor at the same time. The lessor to accept the client's money or lease of the subject matter, according to the client's written by the client designated for the lessee of the leasing business. In the subject of the lease term lease of the property of the client, the lessor only charges, not to take risks. Such leasing commissioned a major characteristic is not to lease the right to operate the enterprise, "by the right" business. E-commerce is on the lease by lease rental as a business platform.
The second is the lessor or lessee commissioned by the lease purchase of a third person, the lessor under the contract to pay the purchase price, also known as commissioned by the lease purchase financing.
4. Project finance leasing
Lessee to project their own property and to ensure efficiency, and the lessor signed a finance lease contract, the lessor to the lessee of the property and other projects without recourse to the proceeds, we can only rent charged to the project's cash flow and profitability to determine. The seller (that is leasing goods manufacturers) through their holding leasing companies to promote their procts in this way, and expand market share. Communications equipment, medical equipment, transportation equipment, or even the right to operate highway can be used this way. Others, including the return of leasing, also known as sale and leaseback financing leasing; financing to leasing, also known as the financing to leasing.
[Edit] the risk of lease financing
Finance leases from the risk of many uncertain factors, is multifaceted and interrelated, in the full understanding of the operational activities of the characteristics of various risks can be comprehensive, scientific analysis of risks to formulate corresponding measures. The risk of financing leasing main categories as follows:
(1) proct market risks. In the market environment, regardless of the financing lease, loan or investment, as long as the funds used to purchase equipment or to carry out technological transformation, first of all, should consider leasing equipment procts market risks, which need to know to sell the procts, market share rate and occupancy, proct trends in the development of the market, the consumption structure and the mentality of the consumers and consumption capacity. If these factors are not fully understand, the survey are not careful, and may increase the market risk.
(2) financial risks. For the leasing of a financial nature, financial risks throughout the entire business activities. The lessor, the biggest risk is that the lessee is also rent capacity, it has a direct impact on the operation of leasing companies and survival, therefore, the risk of also rent from the project began, it should be cause for concern.
Currency also have risks, especially international payments, methods of payment, payment date, time, the remittance channels and means of payment options improperly, will increase the risk.
(3) Trade risk. For the leasing of a trade properties, the risks of trade negotiations to orders from the acceptance testing there is a risk. The merchandise trade in the modern development of a relatively complete, the community is also supporting the establishment of corresponding institutions and preventive measures, such as a letter of credit, transport insurance, commodity inspection, commercial arbitration and the risk of credit counseling have taken precautions and remedial measures, but because people's awareness and understanding of the risks of different degrees, and some means of a commercial nature, coupled with the inexperience of the management of enterprises and other factors, all of these instruments have not been used, making trade risk still exists.
(4) technical risks. One of the benefits of lease financing before other enterprises is the introction of advanced technology and equipment. In the actual course of the operation, or advanced technology, advanced technology is mature, mature technology for the legal rights and interests of others, is an important risk a technical reasons. Serious, e to technical problems so that equipment in a state of paralysis. Other risks include the economic environment, force majeure, and so on.
[Edit] the accounting treatment of lease financing
[Edit], the tenant on the accounting treatment of lease financing
1, the start of the lease accounting treatment
At the start of the lease, the tenant will usually be the start of the lease rental assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the lower of the two leased assets as recorded value of the minimum lease payments as a long-term payables recorded value, and the difference between the two records is not recognised financing costs. However, if the assets of the leasing assets of the enterprise small proportion of the total, the tenant may be the start of the lease in the minimum lease payment records of assets and long-term rent payments. This time, the "proportional" not usually refers to fixed assets financed by leasing the lessee total assets total less than 30% (including 30%). Under such circumstances, rent for the financing of long-term assets and the determination of the amount e, the tenant may, at its option, which can be used minimum lease payments, and can also be used leasing assets in the original book value of the minimum lease payments and the present value of the two in the lower. Then what "leasing the original book value of assets" refers to the start of the lease rental, as reflected in the accounts, the book value of the leased asset.
Lessee in the calculation of the minimum lease payments at the current value, if the lessor that the interest rate implicit in the lease, the lessor should be used as the interest rate implicit in the discount rate, otherwise, shall be stipulated in the lease contract interest rate as the discount rate . If the lessor's interest rate implicit in the lease and rental rates stipulated in the contract are not available, it should be used over the same period interest rates on bank loans as the discount rate. Which is implicit in the lease rates, in the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments and the present value of the unsecured portion of the resial value of the current value of assets and equivalent to the original book value of the discount rate.
2, the initial direct costs of the accounting treatment
Initial direct costs refer to the lease negotiations and the signing of the lease agreement occurred in the course of the lease can be directly attributable to the cost of the project. Lessee in the initial direct costs usually have stamp ty, commission, attorney fees, travel expenses, such as the costs of negotiations. Lessee in the initial direct costs should be recognised as an expense in the current period. Accounts for its handling: debit "management fees" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
3, no finance charge assessed
In the finance lease, the lessee to the lessor to pay the rent, include the repayment of principal and interest in two parts. Lessee to pay rent, on the one hand to rece long-term payables, on the other hand, while not confirmed by the leasing costs for a certain method to confirm the current financing costs, the first rent (that is, initially matching each rental payment) Under the circumstances, the lease term is the first phase of rent paid no interest, should only rece the long-term payments, not to confirm the current financing costs.
Not sharing in the finance costs, the lessee should be used to calculate certain way. According to the guidelines, the lessee can be used in real interest rates, the straight-line method can also be used and the number of years of combined law. In using the effective interest method, in accordance with the inception of the lease is a lease assets and liabilities are recorded based on the value of different financing costs assessment rate options are also different. No finance charge assessed specific divided into the following types:
(1), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments accounted for the present value of value to the investor and the interest rate implicit in the lease for the discount rate. Under such circumstances, investors should be the interest rate implicit in the lease for the assessment rate.
(2), leasing assets and liabilities to a minimum lease payments for the present value of recorded value, and to lease contract provides for the interest rate as the discount rate. In such circumstances, should be stipulated in the lease contract as the rate of assessment rates.
(3), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist resial value guarantees and preferential purchase right to choose. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. Financing cost-sharing rate refers to the inception of the lease, the minimum lease payments equal to the present value of lease assets in the original book value of the discount rate. In the lessee or related to the leased asset resial value of the third-party security situation, and the similar, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.
(4), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset accounted for the value of the lessee does not exist guaranteed resial value, but there is preferential option to purchase. In such circumstances, should be re-calculation of the cost-sharing rate financing. At the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to zero.
(5), leasing assets and liabilities to the original book value of the leased asset value accounted for, and the existence of the lessee guaranteed resial value.
Under such circumstances, the cost-sharing should be re-financing rate. Related to the lessee or third parties on the resial value of leased assets as security has been provided or not at the end of the lease renewal and to pay a penalty of circumstances, the end of the lease, not recognised all the financing costs should be shared End, and lease liabilities should also be reced to the guaranteed resial value, or to be paid by the breach.
Lessee shall pay each of the rent shall be the amount of rent paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," subjects, credited to "bank" subjects, if payment of rent, which includes compliance costs, At the same time debit should be "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects. At the same time should be recognized in accordance with the current amount of the finance charge, debit "financial costs" subjects, credited the "no finance charge" subjects.
4, the leased asset depreciation Provision
Tenants should finance the lessee Provision for depreciation of fixed assets, should address two main issues:
(1), depreciation policy
Provision for asset depreciation, lease, the tenant should be its own assets Provision line depreciation method. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset security has been provided, should be credited for the amount of depreciation on fixed assets, and the inception of the lease accounting resial value after decting the value of the balance. If the lessee or third parties relating to the leased asset resial value of the security has been provided, the total amount of depreciation should be credited for the start of the lease value of fixed assets recorded.
(2), the depreciation period
Identify the leased asset depreciation period, should be in accordance with the lease contract. If reasonable certainty that the lessee at the end of the lessee will obtain ownership of the leased asset, the lessee can be identified with all of the assets of the remaining useful life, and should therefore be the start of the lease to lease the remaining useful life of assets as depreciation period; If you can not reasonably determine whether the lease to the lessee at the end of the lease ownership of the assets to be made to the lease period and the remaining useful life of the leased asset in the shorter of the two as the depreciation period.
5, the accounting treatment of compliance costs
Many types of compliance costs, rent for the financing of fixed assets improved expenditure, technical advice and service charges, fees should be increased staff training credited to the extension of sharing costs, debit "long-term prepaid expenses," and "accrued expenses" , "manufacturing costs", "management fees" and other subjects, the fixed assets regular maintenance, insurance, etc. can be directly charged to expense in the current period, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank deposits, "wait until the subjects.
6, or the accounting treatment of rent
Since the rent or the amount of uncertainty, unable to adopt a rational approach to its system for sharing, in the actual event, debit "manufacturing costs," and "operating expenses" and other subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
7, at the end of the lease accounting treatment
At the end of lease, the tenant on the lease is usually the disposition of the assets of three circumstances:
(1), the return of the leased asset. Debit "long-term payables - to finance leases," and "accumulated depreciation" subjects, credited "fixed assets - fixed assets financed by leasing all" subjects.
(2), renewable lease concession assets. If the lessee to exercise the right to choose renewable concession, the lease shall be deemed to have been made the presence of the corresponding accounting treatment. If no expiry of renewal, to the lessor under the lease contract to pay a penalty, debit "operating expenses" subjects, credited to "bank" and other subjects.
(3), stay purchase the leased asset. In the lessee enjoy preferential purchase right to choose, purchase price paid, debit "long-term payables - to finance lease," credited "bank" and other subjects at the same time, will be fixed assets from "all fixed assets financed by leasing" Details Details of the other subjects into subjects.
字數太多，翻譯另答~~~~~~
⑼ 急急急！！！！！！跪求有關中小企業融資問題的外文文獻翻譯 要求有作者和文章來源 不少於25000位元組。
外文文獻翻譯成中文1000字左右）： 【主要閱讀文獻不少於5篇，譯文後附註文獻信息，包括：作者、書名（或論文題目）、出 版 社（或刊物名稱）、出版時間（或刊號）、頁碼。提供所譯外文資料附件（印刷類含封面、封底、目錄、翻譯部分的復印件等，網站類的請附網址及原文】 中小企業融資的創新 中小企業融資的文件 盡管政府、銀行和各金融機構採取了一系列的措施，中小企業仍面臨著一些挑戰，這是具有普遍性的。這些問題涉及到抵押問題，貸款難，拖延應收款，技術過時，營銷道路不暢等。印度為了解決上述的問題，採取了一些新的融資工具並創建了新的融資體制。這些措施包括： 1. 小型工業的信用保證基金信託 印度政府與印度小企業發展銀行，已成立了一個小型工業信用保證基金信託（ CGTSI ）實施保障計劃。主體信託擬加強從目前的7億到25億美元。其主要目的是促進信用較低的小型企業的融資，鼓勵銀行向值得貸款的企業免除抵押方式的貸款。在過去三年間，有資格的小型工業的貸款約2.5萬被納入該計劃之中且CGTSI擔保貸款的信用機構的會員迄今已擴大到約18,000名，涉及的貸款額約3億美元。CGTSI考慮今年把他們的業務增至與去年相比的三倍。一些新的信用保證制度，如相互信貸保證計劃等類似的計劃在義大利和歐洲其他國家也正在制訂中。 2. 風險分擔機制 雖然CGTSI延伸保證支付的貸款高達2.5萬美元，但有需要提供擔保的銀行貸款超過上述限額。根據世界銀行牽頭籌資問題和發展中小企業的計劃，有可能為中小企業引入的風險分擔機制正在研究中。主理銀行和獨立機構之間將按同樣的比例共同承擔銀行向中小企業貸款的風險。當然，該機制將按成本獲得收益。這一機制到時候，將減輕銀行的信貸風險和高級中小企業的資金問題。 3. 創業資金 關於新的資金來源，許多國家正在考慮放寬有關風險資本投資的規則。在印度也已經採取了各種措施這個方向發展。印度小企業發展銀行以及其他一些機構在該國已經帶頭採取了促進風險投資。根據資料顯示該銀行已設立了16個國家一級/區域一級的資金，為軟體和IT業設立了約1億美元的國家基金，近來還新建立了約1億美元的中小企業發展基金。該基金將致力於醫葯，生物技術，輕工程，軟體和其他領域。中小企業發展基金預期將增至5億美元。 4. 小額貸款 實現潛在的小額貸款將促進經濟的增長，印度小企業發展銀行一直把重點放在增加有能力的部門來處理信貸和小額貸款的支出的增加。印度小企業發展銀行基金會的小額貸款運作部門，在2004年裡已累計批准了710萬美元的財政援助。根據該方案，過去4年累計援助的受益人超過100萬，其中大部分是婦女。對於未解決的投資方案，有可能從2004年3月底910萬美元增至今年年底的2億美元。 5. 中小企業基金 印度政府和印度小企業發展銀行最重要的部門之間所採取的行動是建立100億美元的中小企業基金，以期推動資金流向中小企業。印度小企業發展銀行經過仔細考慮，設立基金和開展其業務從2004年4月開始生效。按照規定，基金援助提供給利率在銀行PLR基準點200以下的中小企業。通過中小企業發展銀行辦公廳向中小 企業提供的直接援助正在擴大，主要的貸款機構也提供9.5%利率的再融資。SFCs可可獲得7.5%~8%利率的再融資的收益。除了SFCs外，通過商業銀行，中小企業基金提供的援助用於路由。該基金的流動除了提升對中小企業的援助，還解決了跨部門的貸款費用問題。 6. 為中小企業設立一個專門的信用評級機構 為了解決信貸需求方面的問題，主動採取行動以支持機制的信息共享和信用評級。為了加強信貸信息和便於銀行進行信貸決策，印度小企業發展銀行已決定推出一個專門為中小企業的信用評級協會與公共部門銀行。銀行可以選擇與公共部門的銀行和信貸評級機構交流信息，本年度該機構就有可能開展業務。 7. 資產證券化 為了擴大中小企業的援助范圍，資產證券化進程提供由發起人和channelise資金的載體購買中小企業的投資組合的機會。這樣的組合可以被購買方保留，也可以根據資本市場的變動被出售給投資者。印度小企業發展銀行最近已獲准由印度政府開展的業務，進行資產證券化。
⑽ 上市公司股利政策的英文文獻 要中英文對照的
影響上市公司股利政策的因素
1、法律法規限制。
我國的法律法規對公司股利政策的影響有如下三種情況：
第一，《公司法》規定。《公司法》第130條規定股份的發行必須同股同權，同股同利。第177條規定了股利分配的順序，即公司分配當年稅後利潤時，應當先提取法定公積金、法定公益金（提取法定公積金和法定公益金之前應當先利用當年利潤彌補虧損），然後才可按股東持有的股份比例分配。第179條規定股份有限公司經股東大會決議將法定公積金轉為資本時，所留存的該項公積金不得少於注冊資本的百分之二十五。
第二，《個人所得稅法》的規定。按照《個人所得稅法》和國家稅務總局《關於徵收個人所得稅若干問題的通知》，個人擁有的股權取得的股息、紅利和股票股利應徵收20%的所得稅。
第三，《關於規范上市公司若干問題的通知》的規定。
（1）上市公司確實必須進行中期分紅派息的，其分配方案必須在中期財務報告經過具有從事證券業務資格的會計師事務所審計後制定；公布中期分配方案的日期不得先於上市公司中期報告的公布日期；中期分配方案經股東大會批准後，公司董事會應當在股東大會召開兩個月內完成股利（或股份）的派發事項。
（2）制定公平的分配方案，不得向一部分股東派發現金股利，而向其他股東派發股票股利；
（3）上市公司制定配股方案同時制定分紅方案的，不得以配股作為分紅的先決條件。
（4）上市公司的送股方案必須將以利潤送紅股和以公積金轉為股本明確區分，並在股東大會上分別作出決議，分項披露，不得將二者均表述為送紅股。
2、國家宏觀經濟環境。
一國經濟的發展具有周期性。當一國經濟處在不同的發展周期時，對該國企業股利政策的制定也有不同的影響。相應地，我國上市公司在制定股利政策時同樣受到宏觀經濟環境的影響。當前，在形式上表現為由前幾年的大比例送配股，到近年來現金股利的逐年增加。
3、通貨膨脹。
當發生通貨膨脹時，折舊儲備的資金往往不能滿足重置資產的需要。公司為了維持其原有生產能力，需要從留存利潤中予以補足，這時管理當局可能調整其股利政策，導致股利支付水平下降。
4、企業的融資環境。當客觀上存在一個較為寬松的融資環境時，企業可以發放債務融資性的股利和權益融資性的股利，亦即公司借新債或發新股來為股利融資。一般說來，企業規模越大，實力越雄厚，其在資本市場融資的能力就越強，財務靈活性也越大，當然其支付股利的能力也就越強。對於許多小公司或新成立的公司而言，難以採取融資性的股利政策。
5、市場的成熟程度。
衡量市場的成熟程度，通常可劃分為三種形式：弱式有效市場、半強式有效市場和強式有效市場。市場越有效，其成熟度也就越高。實證研究結果顯示，在比較成熟的資本市場（半強式有效市場）中，現金股利是最重要的一種股利形式，股票股利則呈下降趨勢。我國因尚系新興的資本市場，和成熟的市場相比，在中國，股票股利仍屬一種重要的股利形式。
6、企業所在的行業。
股利政策具有明顯的行業特徵。一般說來，成熟產業的股利支付率高於新興產業，公用事業公司的股利支付率高於其他行業公司。經驗證據表明，行業的平均股利支付率同該行業的投資機會呈負相關關系。
7、企業資產的流動性。
所謂資產的流動性是指企業資產轉化為現金的難易程度。企業的現金流量與資產整體流動性越好，其支付現金股利的能力就強。而成長中的、盈利性較好的企業，如其大部分資金投在固定資產和永久性營運資金上，則他們通常不願意支付現金股利而危及企業的安全。
8、企業的生命周期。
通常把企業的生命周期劃分為成長階段、發展階段和成熟階段。在不同的階段，企業的股利政策會受到不同的影響。在成長階段，企業亟需資金投入，一般來講，股利支付率相對較低；在發展階段，公司開始能以較大的股利支付比率把收益轉移給股東；至成熟階段，由於投入產出相對穩定，股利支付率和股票收益率都將幾乎保持不變。
9、企業的投資機會。
股利政策在很大程度上受投資機會所左右。如果公司有較多的有利可圖的投資機會，往往採用低股利、高留存利潤的政策；反之，如果投資機會較少，就可能採用高股利政策。當然，在採用低股利政策時，公司管理層必須向股東充分披露以留存利潤投資於盈利高的項目，以取得股東的信任和支持。
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1, limit laws and regulations.
China's laws and regulations of the company's dividend policy has the following three conditions:
First, the "Company Law" requirements. "Company Law" Article 130 provides that the issuance of shares to be shares with the same rights, with the shares with Lee. The provisions of section 177 of the order of the dividend distribution, that is, when the distribution of after-tax profit of the company should first extract the statutory fund, statutory public welfare fund (statutory provident fund and statutory extract before the first use of the Community Chest of the year to make up for loss of profits), and then only by shareholders holding Some pro-rata allocation of shares. Co., Ltd. article 179 of the statutory fund shareholders' general meeting resolution to capital, retained by the fund shall not be less than 25 percent of the registered capital.
Second, the "Personal Income Tax Act". In accordance with the "Personal Income Tax Law" and the State Administration of Taxation, "on a number of issues of personal income tax levy," which indivials have access to the equity dividend, dividends and stock dividends to 20% of the income tax levy.
Third, the "norms of listed companies on notice a number of issues" requirement.
(1) a listed company must conct an interim dividend does pay a dividend, the distribution must be in the interim financial report has been qualified to engage in securities business, drawn up after the accounting firm audit; announced the allocation of medium-term programs may not be before the date of the interim report of listed companies publication date; the medium-term shareholders' general meeting approved the allocation of the program, the Company's Board of Directors held a general meeting of shareholders should be completed within two months of the dividend (or shares) of the distribution of matter.
(2) the development of equitable distribution of the program may not be distributed to shareholders as part of cash dividends, and other shareholders to distribute stock dividends;
(3) placement of shares of listed companies to develop programs to develop bonus programs at the same time, a placement of shares as a dividend shall not be a prerequisite.
(4) of listed companies will be profit bonus program must give Bonus shares and a clear distinction between provident fund to equity and the shareholders of the General Assembly resolution, respectively, the disclosure of sub-items may not be expressed as give Bonus shares both.
2, the national macro-economic environment.
The development of a country's economy has a cyclical character. When a country's economy at different development cycle, the country's corporate dividend policies have different effects. Correspondingly, China's listed companies in the formulation of dividend policy by the same macro-economic environment. At present, the performance of the grounds in the form of a few years ago to send a large proportion of the allotment, cash dividends in recent years has increased year by year.
3, inflation.
When inflation, the depreciation reserve funds are often unable to meet the needs of asset replacement. Companies in order to maintain its original capacity, need to be filled in retained earnings, when management may adjust its dividend policy, leading to rection in the level of dividend payments.
4, the financing environment for enterprises. When there is an objective of the financing for a more flexible environment, corporate debt financing can be paid the dividend and rights of the financing of the dividend, which is the company through new debt or new shares to finance the dividend. In general, larger enterprises, the more abundant strength, its ability to finance the capital market will be strong, and greater financial flexibility, of course, their ability to pay dividends stronger. For many smaller companies or new companies formed, it is difficult to take the financing of the dividend policy.
5, the maturity of the market.
Maturity of the market, usually can be divided into three forms: weak-form efficient market, semi-strong efficient markets and effective market strong. Market more effective, the higher its maturity. Empirical studies have shown that in more mature capital market (semi-strong efficient market), the cash dividend is the most important form of a dividend, stock dividends decreased. Department of China is still emerging from the capital markets, and mature markets, in China, the stock dividend is still an important form of dividends.
6, where the instry enterprises.
Dividend policy has obvious characteristics of the instry. In general, a mature instry, the rate of dividend payout is higher than in emerging instries, public utility companies to pay dividends is higher than companies in other instries. Empirical evidence shows that the instry average dividend payout rate of investment opportunities in the instry was a negative correlation between.
7, the mobility of corporate assets.
The so-called liquid assets means assets into cash difficulties. Corporate cash flow and assets, the better the overall liquidity, its ability to pay cash dividends on strong. And growing, profitable enterprises better, as most of the money invested in fixed assets and working capital on a permanent, they are usually not willing to pay cash dividends and jeopardize the enterprise security.
8, the life cycle of enterprises.
Usually the business life cycle is divided into the growth stage, development stage and mature stage. At various stages, corporate dividend policy will be subject to different effects. In the growth stage, enterprises need capital investment, in general, relatively low rate of dividend payment; in the development stage, the company began to pay a larger percentage of the dividend proceeds to the shareholders; to a mature stage, e to the relative input-output stable, dividend payout rates and stock returns will be almost unchanged.
9, business investment opportunities.
Dividend policy to a large extent influenced by the investment opportunities. If the company more profitable investment opportunities, often using low-dividend, high profit retention policies; the contrary, if the investment is less likely to adopt high-dividend policy. Of course, in the use of low-dividend policy, the company's management must be fully disclosed to shareholders in order to retain profits to invest in high-profit projects, in order to obtain the trust and support of shareholders.